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| Chandrayaan 2 |
The mission was launched on 22 July 2019 at 2.43 PM IST (09:13 UTC) on the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) from the second launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Center on the moon. ] The craft reached the lunar orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital position maneuvers for the landing of Vikram Lander. Vikram and Rover were scheduled to land in the southern polar region near the moon, about 0 ° south on 50 September 2014 at about 1.050 minutes and conduct scientific experiments for a lunar day. . , Lasting two Earth weeks. However, at about 1:52 am IST, the lander strayed from its intended trajectory, landing approximately 2.1 kilometers (1.3 mi) and lost communication. Although early reports suggested a crash , the lander has been observed on the surface through thermal imaging and remains intact. Mission control is trying to establish contact with the lander. The orbiter, part of the mission with eight scientific instruments, continues to operate and will continue its seven-year mission to study the moon.
History
On 12 November 2007, representatives of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roskosmos) and ISRO signed an agreement for the two agencies to work together on the Chandrayaan-2 project. ISRO would have the main responsibility for the orbiter and the rover, while Roskosmos was to provide the lander. In the Union Cabinet meeting held on 18 September 2008, the Government of India approved the mission and chaired by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The design of the spacecraft was completed in August 2009, with scientists in both countries conducting a joint review.Although ISRO finalized the payload for Chandrayaan-2 per schedule, the mission was postponed to January 2013 and rescheduled in 2014 as Russia was unable to develop the lander on time. Roscosmos later returned to Mars in view of the failure of the Phobos-Grunt mission, as the technical aspects associated with the Phobos-Grunt mission were also used in lunar projects that needed to be reviewed. . When Russia cited inability to provide the lander even by 2015, India decided to develop the lunar mission independently.
The launch of the spacecraft was scheduled for March 2018, but was delayed until April and then October to carry out further operations on the vehicle. On 19 June 2018, after the program's fourth comprehensive technical review meeting, a number of changes to the configuration and landing sequence were planned to be implemented, extending the launch in the first half of 2019. . During a test in February 2019, the two legs of the lander suffered minor damage.
The launch of Chandrayaan-2 was initially scheduled for 14 July 2019, 21:21 UTC (02:51 IST local time on 15 July 2019), with landing expected on 6 September 2019. However, the launch was canceled and rescheduled due to a technical glitch. The launch took place on 22 July 2019 on the first operational flight of GSLVV III III M1 at 09:13 UTC (14:43 IST).
an objective
Chandrayaan-2's primary objectives are to demonstrate the ability to soft-land on the lunar surface and operate a robotic rover on the surface. Scientific goals include lunar topography, mineralogy, elemental abundance, lunar outcrops and hydroxyl and water ice signatures. The orbiter will map the lunar surface and help in preparing its 3D map. The onboard radar will also produce a surface map while studying water ice in the South Polar region and the thickness of the lunar regolith on the surface.
The design
The mission was launched on Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) from Satish Dhawan Space Center on Sriharikota Island with an estimated lift-off of 3,850 kg (8,490 lb). As of June 2019, the mission has an allocated cost of (978 crore (approx. US $ 141 million), with segment 603 crore for the space segment and launch cost on GSLV Mk III. crore 375 crores. . The Chandrayaan-2 stack was initially placed in an earth parking orbit of 170 km perigee and 40,400 km apogie by the launching vehicle.Orbiter
Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter in Integration Facility
As of September 2019, the orbiter is orbiting the Moon in a polar orbit at an altitude of 100 km (62 mi).The orbiter has eight scientific instruments; Two of them are improved versions of the Chandrayaan-1. The estimated launch mass was 2,379 kg (5,245 lb). The Orbiter High Resolution Camera (OHRC) will conduct high-resolution observations of the landing site before separating the lander from the orbiter. The structure of the orbiter was manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and delivered on 22 June 2015 at ISRO Satellite Center.
Vikram Lander
Rover Pragyan ascended the ramp of Vikram Lander
File: Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Lander Camera Images of Earth Captured by LI4.webm
Images of the Earth captured by Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Lander Camera LI4
The lander of the mission is called Vikram (Sanskrit: Vikram, lit. "Velor [58]"), about this soundpronunciation (aid · information) named after Vikram Sarabhai (1919–1971), which was extensive Is considered to be the founder of the Indian space program. .
Vikram separated from the lander orbiter and landed in a low lunar orbit of 30 km × 100 km (19 mi × 62 mi) using his 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engine. It then extensively investigated all of its on-board systems before attempting a soft landing in which the rover would have been deployed, and would carry out scientific activities for about 14 Earth days. The Vikram spacecraft failed to land and apparently crashed. The estimated combined mass of the lander and rover is 1,471 kg (3,243 lb).
The initial configuration study of the lander was completed in 2013 by the Space Applications Center (SAC) in Ahmedabad. [35] Landrow's propulsion system consists of eight 50 N (11 lbf) thrusts for approach control and five 800 N (180 lbf) liquid main engines derived from ISRO's 440 N (99 lbf) liquid apogee motor. . Initially, the lander design employed four main liquid engines, but a centrally mounted engine was added to handle the new requirements of orbiting the moon before landing. The additional engine was expected to reduce the draft above lunar dust during a soft landing. [४ was] Vikram was designed to safely descend the slope up to 12 °.
The first moon image, captured by Chandrayaan-2, was taken on 21 August 2019 at an altitude of about 2,650 km from the lunar surface.
Some associated technologies include a high resolution camera, laser altimeter (LASA), Lander Hazard Detection Awareness Camera (LHDAC), Lander Position Detection Camera (LPDC), Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera (LHVC), 800 N throttle Are. Liquid main engines, attitude thrusters, Ka band radio ultimators (KRAs), [7] [6]] laser inertial reference and accelerometer packages (LIRAPs), [4]] and the software required to operate these components. [2] [2] 52] The engineering models of the lander began to undergo ground and aerial tests in late October 2016 at Chailkere in Chitradurga district, Karnataka. ISRO built about 10 craters on the surface to help assess the ability of the lander's sensors to select the landing site. [69]
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